Oil and gas exploration and production in Myanmar
Myanmar is one of the world’s oldest oil producers; exporting its first barrel of crude in 1853. Despite this, its upstream sector is still in its infancy. This is due to a number of factors: sanctions, opaque regulatory policy and insufficient investment have all hindered Myanmar’s efforts to realise its oil and gas potential. Since the lifting of sanctions by the US and European Union in 2012, Myanmar has taken active steps to reform its foreign investment laws and has held a number of successful international bid rounds for onshore and offshore oil and gas blocks.
In 2014 Myanmar attracted foreign direct investment totalling US$8 billion, of which more than 35 per cent was generated by the energy sector. E&P companies are attracted by the undoubted potential Myanmar offers. Although, proven energy reserves are still relatively modest, unofficial estimates are extremely promising and those, together with proximity to some large demand centres in Thailand and China have attracted the interest of several major players.
Below we consider the ten things foreign investors looking to invest in Myanmar’s oil and gas industry should know:
01 |Government structure
The Ministry of Energy (MOE) is the coordinating body for all types of energy in Myanmar. The MOE has oversight of four state-owned enterprises/departments:
In addition to the above organisations, in January 2013 the National Energy Management Committee was established with a mandate to streamline Myanmar’s energy policy. The National Energy Management Committee is comprised of the MOE, the MOGE and ten other governmental institutions involved in energy development.
02 |Legal and regulatory framework
Myanmar has several oil and gas related laws, all largely based on British Law Codes of pre-independence Indian Acts. However please note that contrary to the licensing regime of the ‘Anglo-Saxon’ model, a production sharing contract (PSC) is entered into between the MOGE and the relevant foreign investor. For the more explored onshore blocks improved petroleum recovery contracts (IPR) have also been entered into, with three being awarded in the 2013 international onshore bid round. Provided that a conflict with an existing law does not exist, the terms and conditions of such contracts will govern the foreign investor’s rights and obligations.
Foreign investors should be aware that the number of Government entities required to review and approve the PSC is extensive and includes: the MOGE; the Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development (MNPED); the Contract Department of the Attorney General’s office; the Ministry of Finance; the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC); and the Ministry of Environmental Conversation and Forestry.
03 |The duration of the model PSC
The onshore model PSC has three phases, the Preparation Period, the Exploration Period and (if any) the Development and Production Period. The offshore model PSC has an additional phase: the Study Period.
Preparation period
The Preparation Period is for a six month duration, which can be extended at the discretion of the MOGE. During this period the Contractor is required to commission (i) an Environmental Impact Assessment, (ii) a Social Impact Assessment and (iii) an Environmental Management Plan (the Reports). The preparation of these Reports will count towards to the exploration minimum expenditure requirement. Once the Reports have been prepared they must be approved by the MIC before petroleum operations can commence.
Study Period (for offshore PSCs only)
In Myanmar, while much is known about the onshore geology, there is very little seismic data available for offshore blocks. The Study Period provides the Contractor two years to conduct technical evaluations and assessments prior to the Exploration Period. The model PSC anticipates that there will be a minimum work commitment during this period, but does not specify the amount. The Contractor must disclose all the results of its study to the MOGE. At the end of the Study Period the Contractor may, at its discretion, terminate the PSC and relinquish its rights.
Exploration period
The duration of the Exploration Period is up to six years:
Three years (Initial Exploration Period) + two years (First Extension Period at Contractor’s option) + one year (Second Extension Period at Contractor’s option).
Unlike PSCs in many other jurisdictions there is no phased relinquishment during the Exploration Period. Instead relinquishment occurs at the end of the Exploration Period and amounts to 100 per cent of the contract area, less any discovery area, development and/or production area. In addition, there is an automatic extension of the Exploration Period to allow for completion of seismic or drilling operations or to appraise a discovery.
Development and Production Period
The Development and Production Period commences on the date the Contractor gives notice of a commercial discovery to the MOGE and shall continue to the later of: (i) twenty years from the date of completion of development in accordance with Development Plan, and (ii) the expiration of the petroleum sales contract.
04 |Foreign investment structure
The new Law of Foreign Investment (the FIL), which repeals the previous 1988 Law of Foreign Investment, was enacted in November 2012. The MNPED is the government ministry responsible for foreign investment and the MIC is the regulator responsible for approving foreign investment in Myanmar.
The FIL requires foreign investors to:
An oil and gas investor must be recommended by the MOE before it can receive a permit from the MIC. The MOE is required to makes its recommendation within seven days of the receipt of a recommendation request and the MIC must grant or refuse the permit within ninety days of the date of receipt of the MOGE. In addition the MOE will manage the MIC permit application process, whereas this would be the foreign investor’s responsibility in cases not involving oil and gas.
05 |Local partners
The FIL places a requirement on foreign investors holding an interest in onshore and offshore shallow water blocks to cooperate with a local partner. For onshore blocks, foreign investors are required to cooperate with one of the approved, registered domestic entities listed on the website of the Ministry of Energy. For offshore shallow water blocks a foreign investor must co-operate with, as a minimum, one national company registered with the EPD. No cooperation is required in offshore deep water blocks due to the high costs and technical expertise required.
The level of the local partners’ participation and the form such contribution will take is a commercial decision and is not specified by law. A foreign investor, when negotiating the local partner’s contribution should take into consideration the intention behind this legal requirement, which is to increase the level of experience and knowledge of the local oil and gas industry in Myanmar.
The foreign investor and the local partner will generally sign a memorandum of understanding and subsequently a joint operating agreement (JOA). These agreements will set out the level of participation and the participating interest of the local partner, and the terms of the JOA must be approved by the MOE.
Given the strict penalties imposed on companies found in breach of the UK Bribery Act and US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the perceived high level of corruption in Myanmar (see paragraph 10 below) a foreign investor should have a clear understanding of who they are dealing with (particularly given the pervasiveness of the military in commercial and governmental enterprises) to avoid inadvertently violating such laws and should conduct extensive due diligence on local partners and their business associates.
06 |Farm-in opportunities
Following the recent international bid rounds, a number of successful bidders are considering opportunities to reduce their risk exposure through farm-in arrangements. An investor seeking to farm-in should be aware of the following:
07 |Royalty, state participation and other associated costs
Signature bonus
A signature bonus is paid by the Contractor within thirty days of signing the PSC. The amount of the signature bonus is not specified in the model PSCs and is generally a matter of commercial negotiations.
Royalty
A royalty is payable at the rate of 12.5 per cent of ‘Available Petroleum’ i.e. petroleum produced and not used in petroleum operations. The royalty is not recoverable from ‘Cost Petroleum’ (defined below).
Production bonuses
The model PSC provides for production bonuses payable following commercial discovery and thereafter at defined production rates. The production bonus is a progressive per rate of production – US$0.5 million to US$6.0 million for onshore blocks, and US$1 million to US$10 million for offshore blocks.
Guarantee
The Contractor is required to provide a parent company guarantee and a performance bank guarantee in the form set out in the model PSC. The performance bank guarantee equates to 10 per cent of each minimum commitment phase. The MOGE will release the performance bank guarantee no later than twenty days following the date of completion of the respective period. The parent company guarantee requires the parent company to discharge all obligations of the Contractor upon the Contractor’s failure to perform. The risk with this form of guarantee is that the parent company could be seen to be guaranteeing all of the Contractor’s obligations, not just the minimum work commitments. Unfortunately as far as we are aware, the MOGE has been unwilling to accept limitations to this guarantee on the premise that it wishes all parent company guarantees and performance bank guarantees to have the same terms.
State participation
The MOGE has the option to take an interest of 15 per cent to 25 per cent in onshore blocks, and 20 per cent, with the right to increase to 25 per cent if the reserve is greater than five trillion cubic feet on a BOE basis, in offshore blocks. This right is exercisable within three months of the Contractor’s notification of its first discovery. If MOGE elects to exercise its participation option, it must reimburse the Contractor for its portion of previously incurred and ongoing petroleum costs and its portion of the signature bonus.
Employment and training
The model PSCs contain typical provision regarding the employment of local personnel. Notification No. 11/2013 issued by the MNPED, which seeks to implement the FIL, also provides details on employment and training of local staff and the issuance of work and stay permits for expatriate staff. The model PSCs require Contractors to spend at least US$25,000 per year during the Exploration Period and US$50,000 during the Development and Production Period on training funds for onshore PSCs, and at least US$50,000 per year during the Exploration Period and US$100,000 during the Development and Production Period for offshore PSCs. In addition to contributing minimum funds to training, the Contractor must also establish a research and development fund and contribute 0.5 per cent of its share of ‘Profit Petroleum’ – all funds being recoverable from Cost Petroleum. The apparent lack of transparency and objectivity in the allocation and use of these funds however, has caused some Contractors concern.
Cost recovery
Cost recovery is limited to ‘Cost Petroleum’, which is a maximum of 50 per cent of available petroleum for onshore blocks, 60 per cent for offshore blocks and 70 per cent for offshore blocks exceeding a water depth of 2,000 feet. Costs are generally recoverable when incurred or in the financial year in which commercial production occurs, whichever is later. If costs exceed the value of Cost Petroleum they can be carried forward to the next accounting period.
Domestic crude oil and natural gas requirement
The Contractor will be under an obligation to provide 20 per cent of crude oil production or 25 per cent of natural gas to the domestic market of the Contractor’s share of Profit Petroleum (i.e. after deduction of royalty and costs). The MOGE is required to pay the equivalent of 90 per cent of the fair market value in US dollars. We understand that delays in receipt of payment from MOGE have been a major issue for some onshore producers.
08 |Change of control
The Contractor may assign its rights under the PSC to an affiliate or, with prior written approval of the MOGE (not to be unreasonably withheld), to other third parties. On assignment the Contractor will be liable to pay income tax based on the capital gain in accordance with the following rates:
| Capital gain | Income tax rate |
|---|---|
| 1. up to an amount equivalent to MMK100,000 million | 40% |
| 2. an amount equivalent to from MMK100,001 million to MMK150,000 million | 45% |
| 3. an amount equivalent to MMK150,001 million and above | 50% |
The model PSC does not state if the payment is tax or capital gains tax. It is therefore, unclear as to whether this payment is subject to Myanmar’s double taxation agreements. We understand that the Ministry of Finance, on a discretionary basis, gave clarity on this point to those Contractors who requested it.
Prior to March 2014, capital gains in the model PSCs made reference to US dollar tax brackets rather than the Myanmar Kyat. Following the implementation of Union Tax Law 2014, capital gains will now be calculated using the Myanmar Kyat (in accordance with the table above). Currency fluctuation and inflation in Myanmar Kyat may therefore, lead to uncertainty in farm-out arrangements. Such uncertainty will need to be addressed in the commercial agreement reached between the farmor and farmee.
09 |Governing law, dispute resolution and inalienable rights
The model PSCs are governed by the laws of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. The model PSC for offshore blocks provides for disputes to be settled in accordance with the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, in front of three arbitrators in Singapore. Myanmar acceded without reservations to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitration Awards 1958. Once the Government implements the convention by adopting domestic legislation, the Myanmar courts will be obliged to give effect to any foreign arbitration clause and to enforce arbitral awards made in other member states.
Conversely the model PSC for onshore blocks provides for arbitration conducted under the Myanmar Arbitration Act, 1944 (Myanmar Act IV, 1944). This is far from ideal – the 1944 law is extremely outdated and generally unsuitable for modern day arbitrations. The MOGE had previously indicated that Singapore arbitration under UNCITRAL might be possible for onshore PSCs. However we understand that this was met with opposition from the Attorney General and the MOGE decided not to deviate from the model PSC for onshore blocks.
The model PSCs state that nothing in the PSC shall prevent or limit the Government of Myanmar from exercising its inalienable rights. The concept of ‘inalienable rights’ is not defined. The concern is that this could give the Government of Myanmar the right to set aside the entire PSC if a right contained in the PSC was found to be inconsistent Myanmar’s inalienable rights. We understand that this requirement was inserted in the model PSC at the request of the Attorney General and so is unlikely to be removed in the executed PSCs.
10 |Anti-corruption
Myanmar is perceived as having a high level of corruption, the Transparency International’s (TI) Corruption Perceptions Index, which ranks countries based on how corrupt the public sector is perceived to be, ranked Myanmar 156 out of the 175 countries surveyed in 2014. In the past Global Witness, a UK based advocacy group, has been highly critical of Myanmar’s oil and gas sector, has described it as highly secretive and warned that state revenue could be lost to corruption. However, in July 2014 Myanmar became a candidate member of the ETIT, a global standard under which governments and companies agree to report how much is paid for extracting natural resources. Further, in October 2014 Global Witness confirmed that more than half of the companies who won major oil and gas blocks in Myanmar have declared their ownership structure, setting a ‘global precedent’.
Myanmar has a patchwork of legislation relating to corruption and bribery which has been a crime since the Suppression of Corruption Act in 1948. Myanmar signed and, in 2012 ratified, the United Nationals Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). Pursuant to its obligation under UNCAC to implement anti-corruption legislation, Myanmar enacted the Anti-Corruption Law in 2013. This law is aimed at the eradication of bribery and provides a more coherent approach than the previous patchwork of laws in relation to corruption that were in place. While this law generally prohibits the bribery or acceptance of bribes by public officials in Myanmar, it is too soon to assess the extent to which it will be actively enforced.
Companies undertaking business in Myanmar should exercise caution to avoid inadvertently violating local anti-corruption laws as well as the laws of other jurisdictions with extraterritorial effect. To the extent possible companies the UK Bribery Act 2010 requires the conducting of meaningful due diligence on agents, intermediaries and joint venture parties when entering into, and throughout the course of, a business relationship. Companies not under the jurisdiction of that Act may still regard the exercise as prudent.
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ပံု - ဦးမိုးျမင့္ MPRL E&P ေရနံႏွင့္ဓါတ္ေငြကုမၸဏီ
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လွ်ပ္စစ္ႏွင့္စြမ္းအင္၀န္ျကီး ဦး၀င္းခိုင္.ႏွင့္ ဧရာ၀တီတိုင္း ၀န္ၾကီးခ်ဳပ္ မန္းေဂ်ာ္နီတို႕.ၾသဂုတ္၅-၂၀၁၇ မွာ၊ ဓါတ္ေငြ႕သိုက္ (ရခိ္ုင္ကမ္းရိုးတမ္း၊ ဧရာ၀တီတိုင္း) A6 ကမ္းလြန္ အကဲျဖတ္တြင္းကို သြားေရာက္ၾကည့္ရႈၾကပါတယ္။. .သဘာ၀ဓါတ္ေငြ၊ တေန႕ကုဗေပသန္း၅၀ ထုတ္ႏိုင္မယ္လို႕ ဆိုပါတယ္။ . MPRL, Woodside, TEMP ကုမၸဏီ (၃)ခု ဖတ္စပ္ထုတ္လုပ္ေနတဲ့ ပထမဆံုး ဓါတ္ေငြ႕တြင္းျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
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ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံက ထိုင္း၊ တရုပ္ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားကို ရတနာ၊ ရဲတခြန္၊ ေဇာတိက နဲ႕ ေရႊ ကမ္းလြန္ဓါတ္ေငြ လုပ္ငန္းမ်ားက ဓါတ္ေငြေရာင္းခ်မႈကေန တႏွစ္ကို US$ 4.0 billion ရရွိေပမဲ့ ၂၀၁၅-၁၆ မွာေတာ့ ေစ်းက်တဲ့အတြက္ US$ 2.6 billion ပဲ ရရွိပါတယ္။ အားလံုးနီးပါး ထိုင္းနဲ႕တရုပ္ ႏိုင္ငံသံုးဖို႕ ေရာင္းခ်ရပါတယ္။ အခ်ိဳ႕အနည္းငယ္ကိုေတာ့ ျပည္တြင္း ဓါတ္ေငြလွ်ပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အား အစိုးရနဲ႕ပုဂၢလိက စက္ရံုမ်ားအတြက္ ေရာင္းခ်ေပးပါတယ္။
လုပ္ကြက္ A6 ဓါတ္ေငြ ့သိုက္ ကို ျမန္မာ ေရနံရွာေဖြေရးကုမၸဏီ MPRL E&P က၂၀၁၂ ကတည္းက ေတြ႕ရွိျပီး၊ စီးပြားျဖစ္ထုတ္လုပ္ႏိုင္ေၾကာင္း ေၾကျငာပါတယ္။ ထုတ္လုပ္ဖို႕ စီမံကိန္းလုပ္ခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။ ေအာက္ရဲကို ဓါတ္ေငြသိုက္ကိုေတာ့ လုပ္ကြက္ M3, A6, AD7 ေတြမွာ စီးပြားျဖစ္ ထုတ္လုပ္မယ္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ၾသစေၾတးလ်ား Woodsite ေရနံကုမၸဏီက ေရနံတူးစင္ (၄)ခု တူးေဖၚဖို႕ စီမံကိန္းရွိပါတယ္။
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ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံက ထိုင္း၊ တရုပ္ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားကို ရတနာ၊ ရဲတခြန္၊ ေဇာတိက နဲ႕ ေရႊ ကမ္းလြန္ဓါတ္ေငြ လုပ္ငန္းမ်ားက ဓါတ္ေငြေရာင္းခ်မႈကေန တႏွစ္ကို US$ 4.0 billion ရရွိေပမဲ့ ၂၀၁၅-၁၆ မွာေတာ့ ေစ်းက်တဲ့အတြက္ US$ 2.6 billion ပဲ ရရွိပါတယ္။ အားလံုးနီးပါး ထိုင္းနဲ႕တရုပ္ ႏိုင္ငံသံုးဖို႕ ေရာင္းခ်ရပါတယ္။ အခ်ိဳ႕အနည္းငယ္ကိုေတာ့ ျပည္တြင္း ဓါတ္ေငြလွ်ပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အား အစိုးရနဲ႕ပုဂၢလိက စက္ရံုမ်ားအတြက္ ေရာင္းခ်ေပးပါတယ္။
လုပ္ကြက္ A6 ဓါတ္ေငြ ့သိုက္ ကို ျမန္မာ ေရနံရွာေဖြေရးကုမၸဏီ MPRL E&P က၂၀၁၂ ကတည္းက ေတြ႕ရွိျပီး၊ စီးပြားျဖစ္ထုတ္လုပ္ႏိုင္ေၾကာင္း ေၾကျငာပါတယ္။ ထုတ္လုပ္ဖို႕ စီမံကိန္းလုပ္ခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။ ေအာက္ရဲကို ဓါတ္ေငြသိုက္ကိုေတာ့ လုပ္ကြက္ M3, A6, AD7 ေတြမွာ စီးပြားျဖစ္ ထုတ္လုပ္မယ္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ၾသစေၾတးလ်ား Woodsite ေရနံကုမၸဏီက ေရနံတူးစင္ (၄)ခု တူးေဖၚဖို႕ စီမံကိန္းရွိပါတယ္။
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မိုက္ကယ္မိုးျမင့္
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံက ၿပိဳင္ဘက္ကင္း ေရနံသူေဌးႀကီးျဖစ္ျပီး လုပ္ကြက္ A6 ဓါတ္ေငြသိုက္ကို ရွာေဖြေတြ႕ရွိျပီးတဲ့ေနာက္ ျမန္မာ့စြမ္းအင္၀န္ႀကီးဌာန၏ ေရနံတြင္းေလးခုကို တူးေဖာ္လုပ္ကိုင္ခြင့္ကို ရရွိသြားပါတယ္။ ႏုိင္ငံတကာကုမၸဏီေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားက သူႏွင့္ဖက္စပ္လုပ္ကိုင္လိုေနၾကပါတယ္။
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံက ၿပိဳင္ဘက္ကင္း ေရနံသူေဌးႀကီးျဖစ္ျပီး လုပ္ကြက္ A6 ဓါတ္ေငြသိုက္ကို ရွာေဖြေတြ႕ရွိျပီးတဲ့ေနာက္ ျမန္မာ့စြမ္းအင္၀န္ႀကီးဌာန၏ ေရနံတြင္းေလးခုကို တူးေဖာ္လုပ္ကိုင္ခြင့္ကို ရရွိသြားပါတယ္။ ႏုိင္ငံတကာကုမၸဏီေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားက သူႏွင့္ဖက္စပ္လုပ္ကိုင္လိုေနၾကပါတယ္။
အေမရိကန္အစိုးရက သူ႔ကို နာမည္ပ်က္စာရင္းသြင္းထားမႈကို ေအာင္ျမင္စြာ ပယ္ဖ်က္ႏိုင္ခဲ့သူတစ္ဦးျဖစ္ျပီး၊ စြမ္းအင္ကုမၸဏီ ၆၁ ခု တင္ဒါ အျပိဳင္ေလွ်ာက္ခ်ိန္က ကမ္းလြန္ေရနံလုပ္ခြင့္ လိုင္စင္ခ်ေရရိွမႈကေန ေရနံလုပ္ငန္း ေအာင္ျမင္မႈ စတင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။
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ဘ၀ျဖစ္စဥ္
၁၉၅၂ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ရန္ကုန္အဂၤလိပ္မက္သဒစ္ေက်ာင္းမွာ ပညာဆည္းပူးခဲ့ျပီး၊ ႐ူပေဗဒဘာသာရပ္ျဖင့္ ဘဲြ႕ရခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ေလယာဥ္မွဴးအျဖစ္ ျမန္မာအစိုးရေလေၾကာင္းလိုင္းတြင္ ၁၃ ႏွစ္ေက်ာ္ၾကာ အမႈထမ္းခဲ့တယ္။ စစ္အာဏာရွင္ ဦးေန၀င္း ေလယာဥ္ပ်ံကို ေမာင္းေပးဖူးေပမဲ့ ဦးေန၀င္းကို စကားပင္ ေကာင္းေကာင္းမေျပာခဲ့ဖူးလို႕ ဆိုပါတယ္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ စစ္အာဏာရွင္စနစ္ကို စိတ္ပ်က္လာၿပီး ၀န္ထမ္းဘ၀မွ အလုပ္ထြက္ခဲ့ကာ ႏိုင္ငံျခားထြက္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ Shell ေရနံကုမၸဏီမွာ ဘူမိေဗဒပညာရွင္အျဖစ္ အလုပ္လုပ္ကိုင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ ကယ္လီဖိုးနီးယားျပည္နယ္က ေလေၾကာင္းပစၥည္းတင္လုပ္ငန္း ႏွစ္အနည္းငယ္ လုပ္ကိုင္ခဲ့ျပီး၊ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသုိ႔ ျပန္လာခဲ့ပါတယ္။
ျမင့္ႏွင့္ေရာင္းရင္းမ်ားကုမၸဏီ ေရနံလုပ္ငန္းကုမၸဏီ တည္ေထာင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ၁၉၉၆ တြင္ သူက MPRL E & P အမည္ရွိ သူ၏ အဓိကကုမၸဏီကို တည္ေထာင္ျပီး၊ အေမရိကန္ဘိတ္ကာဟုခ်္ကုမၸဏီႏွင့္ ဖက္စပ္လုပ္ရင္း၊ ၁၉၉၉ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ အေမရိကန္ကုမၸဏီက ျမန္မာက ထြက္ခြာခ်ိန္ ဦးမိုးျမင့္ ပဲက်န္ရစ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ အေျခအေန ပိုမိုဆုိးရြားရြားလာျပီး ႏိုင္ငံတကာအေရးယူပိတ္ဆို႔မႈမ်ား၊ အေနာက္ႏိုင္ငံမ်ား၏ ဖိအားမ်ားေအာက္တြင္ ဦးမိုးျမင့္က အစိုးရလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကို လာဘ္ေပးလာဘ္ယူမႈမ်ား မရွိရေအာင္ လုပ္ခဲ့တယ္။ ၂၀၀၈ ခုႏွစ္မွာေတာ့ အေမရိကန္အစိုးရက သူ႕ကို ဗီဇာပိတ္ခဲ့ေပမဲ့ ေနာက္ႏွစ္တြင္ ျပန္ေပးခဲ့သည္။
၂၀၁၁ ခုႏွစ္ ျမန္မာအစိုးရ ေျပာင္းလဲသြားျပီး၊ ယခုအခ်ိန္မွာ ဦးမိုးျမင့္ ကုမၸဏီမွာ ကမ္းလြန္ေရနံလုပ္ငန္း ၃၀ ရွိပါတယ္။ IOR-4 IOR-6 ျပည္ျမိဳ႕ ေရနံေျမ မ်ားကိုလဲ လုပ္ပိုင္ခြင့္ရရွိခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ျမန္မာကမ္းလြန္ေရနံလုပ္ငန္းကို ျပည္တြင္းကုမၸဏီမ်ားႏွင့္ တဲြလုပ္ရတဲ့ သတ္မွတ္ခ်က္ရယ္၊ သူတို႕ကုမၸဏီရဲ့ ေဒသဘူမိေဗဒ ဗဟုသုတအမ်ားႀကီးေၾကာင့္ ေအာင္ျမင္ရတယ္လို႕ ေျပာပါတယ္။
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ရြက္ေလွအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္ ဥကၠဌ အေနနဲ႕ မိုက္ကယ္မ်ိဳးျမင့္ က ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံရြက္ေလွအဖြဲ႕ကို ၂၀၁၃ ဆီးဂိမ္း ေခါင္းေဆာင္ပါ၀င္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ သူ႕ရဲ့သား၂ေယာက္၊ ဖုန္းေက်ာ္မိုးျမင့္နဲ႕ စည္သူမိုးျမင့္တို႕ Half Rater ရြက္ေလွျပိဳင္ပြဲမွာ ေရႊတံဆိပ္ရခဲ့ပါတယ္။ လြန္ခဲ့တဲ့၁၀ႏွစ္ကလည္း သူတို႕၂ေယာက္ (၁၆ႏွစ္၊ ၁၉ႏွစ္အရြယ္) ဆီးဂိမ္းရြက္ေလွျပိဳင္ပြဲမွာလဲ ေရႊတံဆိပ္ရခဲ့ဖူးပါတယ္။
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ရြက္ေလွအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္ ဥကၠဌ အေနနဲ႕ မိုက္ကယ္မ်ိဳးျမင့္ က ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံရြက္ေလွအဖြဲ႕ကို ၂၀၁၃ ဆီးဂိမ္း ေခါင္းေဆာင္ပါ၀င္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ သူ႕ရဲ့သား၂ေယာက္၊ ဖုန္းေက်ာ္မိုးျမင့္နဲ႕ စည္သူမိုးျမင့္တို႕ Half Rater ရြက္ေလွျပိဳင္ပြဲမွာ ေရႊတံဆိပ္ရခဲ့ပါတယ္။ လြန္ခဲ့တဲ့၁၀ႏွစ္ကလည္း သူတို႕၂ေယာက္ (၁၆ႏွစ္၊ ၁၉ႏွစ္အရြယ္) ဆီးဂိမ္းရြက္ေလွျပိဳင္ပြဲမွာလဲ ေရႊတံဆိပ္ရခဲ့ဖူးပါတယ္။
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ကမ္းလြန္ေထာက္ပံ့ေရး အေျခစိုက္စခန္း
MPRL E & P ကုမၸဏီအုပ္စုက က်ပ္ဘီလီယံ ၅၀ တန္ (US$ 4 million) ကမ္းလြန္ေထာက္ပံ့ေရး အေျခစိုက္စခန္းတစ္ခု လုပ္ခြင့္ရရွိခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ငပုေတာၿမိဳ႕ နယ္၊ င႐ုတ္ေကာင္းၿမိဳ႕နယ္ခဲြမွာ တည္ေဆာက္ေနပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ေလးငါးႏွစ္ 2021, 2022 ေလာက္မွာ ဒီေနရာတစ္၀ိုက္မွာ ေရနံကုမၸဏီ ရွစ္ခုေလာက္လာၾကမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ျမန္မာ့ကမ္းလြန္ ေရနံနဲ႕ဓါတ္ေငြအတြက္ စင္ကာပူနဲ႔ ထိုင္းႏုိင္ငံ ရေနာင္းရွိ ကမ္းလြန္ေထာက္ပံ့ေရးလုပ္ငန္းေတြကုိ လက္လႊဲရယူဖို႕ ျဖစ္တယ္လို႕ ဆိုပါတယ္။ ေျမဧက ၃၀ က်ယ္၀န္းျပီး ရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံခြင့္ ကာလ ႏွစ္ ၃၀ ၾကာျမင့္မွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
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အခု A7 လုပ္ကြက္ ေရနံမ်ားထြက္လာရင္၊ ဘယ္လို ေရာင္းခ်မယ္ မထုတ္ျပန္ေသးေပမဲ့၊ အစိုးရေပၚလစီအသစ္အရ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ပဲ အသံုးျပဳဖို႕ ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ပါတယ္။ လက္ရွိ ၂၀၁၅-၁၆ မွာ ဓါတ္ေငြ ကုဗေပ ၅၁၅ ဘီလ်ံ ျပည္ပတင္ပို႕ေရာင္းခ်ပီး၊ ကုဗေပ ၁၆၀ ဘီလ်ံ ကို ျပည္တြင္းအတြက္ သံုးစြဲမယ္လို႕ အစိုးရက ေၾကျငာခဲ့ပါတယ္။
လုပ္ကြက္ A7 ပထမဆံုးထုတ္လုပ္မႈက တေန႕ ကုဗေပ၅၀သန္း၊ တစ္ႏွစ္မွာ ကုဗေပ ၁၈ဘီလ်ံ ထုတ္ႏိုင္ပါမယ္။
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ကမ္းလြန္ေထာက္ပံ့ေရး အေျခစိုက္စခန္း
MPRL E & P ကုမၸဏီအုပ္စုက က်ပ္ဘီလီယံ ၅၀ တန္ (US$ 4 million) ကမ္းလြန္ေထာက္ပံ့ေရး အေျခစိုက္စခန္းတစ္ခု လုပ္ခြင့္ရရွိခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ငပုေတာၿမိဳ႕ နယ္၊ င႐ုတ္ေကာင္းၿမိဳ႕နယ္ခဲြမွာ တည္ေဆာက္ေနပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ေလးငါးႏွစ္ 2021, 2022 ေလာက္မွာ ဒီေနရာတစ္၀ိုက္မွာ ေရနံကုမၸဏီ ရွစ္ခုေလာက္လာၾကမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ျမန္မာ့ကမ္းလြန္ ေရနံနဲ႕ဓါတ္ေငြအတြက္ စင္ကာပူနဲ႔ ထိုင္းႏုိင္ငံ ရေနာင္းရွိ ကမ္းလြန္ေထာက္ပံ့ေရးလုပ္ငန္းေတြကုိ လက္လႊဲရယူဖို႕ ျဖစ္တယ္လို႕ ဆိုပါတယ္။ ေျမဧက ၃၀ က်ယ္၀န္းျပီး ရင္းႏွီးျမႇဳပ္ႏွံခြင့္ ကာလ ႏွစ္ ၃၀ ၾကာျမင့္မွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
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အခု A7 လုပ္ကြက္ ေရနံမ်ားထြက္လာရင္၊ ဘယ္လို ေရာင္းခ်မယ္ မထုတ္ျပန္ေသးေပမဲ့၊ အစိုးရေပၚလစီအသစ္အရ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ပဲ အသံုးျပဳဖို႕ ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ပါတယ္။ လက္ရွိ ၂၀၁၅-၁၆ မွာ ဓါတ္ေငြ ကုဗေပ ၅၁၅ ဘီလ်ံ ျပည္ပတင္ပို႕ေရာင္းခ်ပီး၊ ကုဗေပ ၁၆၀ ဘီလ်ံ ကို ျပည္တြင္းအတြက္ သံုးစြဲမယ္လို႕ အစိုးရက ေၾကျငာခဲ့ပါတယ္။
လုပ္ကြက္ A7 ပထမဆံုးထုတ္လုပ္မႈက တေန႕ ကုဗေပ၅၀သန္း၊ တစ္ႏွစ္မွာ ကုဗေပ ၁၈ဘီလ်ံ ထုတ္ႏိုင္ပါမယ္။
ဝမ္းသာစရာပါ . .တကယ္ျဖစ္ပါေစ. . ျမန္ျမန္ထုတ္သံုးႏိုင္ပါေစ. .
ကိုးကား
၁။ Offshore Energy Today နဲ႕ ျမန္မာသတင္းေဆာင္းပါးမ်ား။
၂။ Moe Myint Myanmar's go to tycoon, Financial Times, author Micheal Peel ေရးတဲ့ 7Day News ဘာသာျပန္ေဆာင္းပါး၊
၃။ ဦးမိုးျမင့္ေျပာျပခ်က္။
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZBH4H0SY44
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5-Bu_Ch0Qw
၁။ Offshore Energy Today နဲ႕ ျမန္မာသတင္းေဆာင္းပါးမ်ား။
၂။ Moe Myint Myanmar's go to tycoon, Financial Times, author Micheal Peel ေရးတဲ့ 7Day News ဘာသာျပန္ေဆာင္းပါး၊
၃။ ဦးမိုးျမင့္ေျပာျပခ်က္။
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZBH4H0SY44
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5-Bu_Ch0Qw
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Offshore gas deposits five years from commercial production
Submitted by whtut on Tue, 03/14/2017 - 18:18
Writer:
Aung Ye Ko
Gas deposits discovered at the M3, A6 and AD7 offshore blocks will be extracted on a commercial scale within next five years, the Ministry of Electric Power and Energy said,
These offshore blocks were discovered in recent years, with feasibility studies now being conducted. Depending on these studies, the gas will be developed on a commercial basis within the five-year timeline.
Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE) has a total of 53 onshore gas blocks. Offshore, it has blocks named Mottama, Taninthayi and Rakhine. . There are 27 shallow gas blocks and 24 deep gas blocks. MOGE, in collaboration with foreign companies, is exploring for gas and oil deposits.
Gas and oil are being producing from 26 onshore and 38 offshore gas blocks under profit-sharing contracts.
The operations of Aphauk Natural Gas Land and Nyaungdon Oil Land have brought benefits to the country. The Yadana, Yedagun, Zawtika and Shwe gas fields have contributed much to Myanmar’s GDP, a senior minister, Tun Naing, said.
The country is experiencing a decrease in generation of natural gas, while world gas prices are relatively low this year.
Myanmar earned nearly US$4 billion from gas exports in the fiscal 2015-16 fiscal years. But this year natural gas exports are US$2.6 billion.
Translated by Win Htut
Eleven Media
These offshore blocks were discovered in recent years, with feasibility studies now being conducted. Depending on these studies, the gas will be developed on a commercial basis within the five-year timeline.
Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE) has a total of 53 onshore gas blocks. Offshore, it has blocks named Mottama, Taninthayi and Rakhine. . There are 27 shallow gas blocks and 24 deep gas blocks. MOGE, in collaboration with foreign companies, is exploring for gas and oil deposits.
Gas and oil are being producing from 26 onshore and 38 offshore gas blocks under profit-sharing contracts.
The operations of Aphauk Natural Gas Land and Nyaungdon Oil Land have brought benefits to the country. The Yadana, Yedagun, Zawtika and Shwe gas fields have contributed much to Myanmar’s GDP, a senior minister, Tun Naing, said.
The country is experiencing a decrease in generation of natural gas, while world gas prices are relatively low this year.
Myanmar earned nearly US$4 billion from gas exports in the fiscal 2015-16 fiscal years. But this year natural gas exports are US$2.6 billion.
Translated by Win Htut
Eleven Media
Woodside to drill at least four wells off Myanmar in 2017
Australian energy company Woodside is gearing up for an aggressive drilling campaign offshore Myanmar.
Namely, the company is moving to accelerate commerciality of its recent gas discoveries made off the shores of Myanmar.
Woodside has discovered 32 meters of net gas pay in the Myanmar Block A-6 Shwe Yee Htun-1 exploration well and 62 meters net gas pay in the Block AD-7 Thalin-1A exploration well. The discoveries increased Woodside’s contingent resource (2C) by 83 MMboe.
The company then acquired more than 31,500 km2 high quality 3D seismic data in Myanmar, to boost its portfolio of drillable prospects.
According to Woodside’s first half 2016 report released on Friday, at least four wells will be drilled in the four licenses Woodside holds ownership in.
“Processing of the new seismic data is continuing. Seabed coring operations in Blocks A-7 and A-4 were also completed. The high quality seismic data supports our strategy to grow and build a portfolio of material multi-Tcf drillable prospects,” Woodside said.
The company has progressed planning for a 2017 exploration and appraisal drilling program, to speed up options for commercialisation of the gas discoveries.
“Analysis of the exploratory well data confirms the development potential of both discoveries. Planning continues for a minimum of two firm appraisal and two firm exploration wells in 2017,” Woodside said.
Offshore Energy Today Staff
MPRL E&P Strikes Gas at Block-A6, Offshore Myanmar
MPRL E&P Pte Ltd., the only independent E&P company operating in both onshore and offshore Myanmar, on Monday announced the discovery of gas in Pyi Thar-1ST.
MPRL E&P’s Pyi Thar-1ST, drilled on a combination of structural and sedimentological traps, has encountered approximately 180 ft ( true vertical thickness ) of multiple stacked Pliocene sandstones topping at a depth of 4,185 ft MDAHbSL ( Measured Depth Along Hole below Sea Level ). A formation evaluation program was pursued comprising of a full log suite followed by a pressure and fluid sampling program.
Pressures and samples have confirmed the presence of approximately 20 ft ( true vertical thickness ) of gas starting at the top of the Pliocene sandstones overlying a gas water contact. 3-D seismic data further indicates that Pyi Thar 1ST penetrated the flank of the Pliocene sandstone package, with the same potentially high quality gas filled sands being located updip of the well as well as several downdip and deeper connecting sand bodies.
The Pyi Thar-1 vertical well, drilled in water depth 691 ft to 4,585 ft below RT ( 4,500 ft below Sea Level ) downdip of Pyi Thar-1ST, encountered limy siltstones in secondary shallow targets and confirmed the lateral extension of the gas-bearing sandstones in Pyi Thar-1ST in a water leg.
The Pyi Thar-1 and -1ST are now being abandoned as planned regardless of the results of the drilling program. The Pyi Thar-1 and -1ST wells have extended the Bay of Bengal Pliocene play by more than 250 km to the South. The wells have also substantially alleviated risks, in particular for absence of reservoir, for at least three other larger and deeper prospects in the same water depth range. The wells have provided precious geological and drilling information from underlying strata to the reservoirs, which will now be integrated by the technical team of MPRL E&P to better assess the full prospectivity of Block A-6.
MPRL E&P, essentially managed and staffed by Myanmar engineers and personnel, has drilled the Pyi Thar-1 and -1ST within very tight financial and time constraints well below budget, with drilling operations being 14 days ahead of schedule. MPRL E&P now plans to enter the Extensions of Exploration Periods as per the Production Sharing Contract, including further seismic acquisition/reprocessing and drilling commitments.
MPRL E&P, March 21, 2012
Woodside makes gas discovery offshore Myanmar
Woodside Petroleum Ltd., Perth, has made a natural gas discovery offshore Myanmar with its first well, Shwe Yee Htun-1 (previously known as Saung-1).
Gas indications were found over a 129-m interval and Woodside has designated 15 m of this zone as net pay.
The well, in the Rakhine basin, was first drilled to its original planned depth of 4,810 m before being deepened to 5,306 m.
Further analysis will now be undertaken to evaluate the full potential, but Woodside has said the find de-risks a number of leads in the region.
The well is on the A-6 block where it is operator for local company MPRL and Total SA, a JV that Woodside entered in December 2012.
The company has interests in six large offshore permits in Myanmar covering a total of 46,000 sq km.
The next well will be Tha Lim-1 on Block AD-7, operated by South Korea’s Daewoo International.
Myanmar has been opened up for exploration following the political reforms of 2011 and subsequent lifting of European Union and US sanctions, enabling international companies to reenter the region.
Drilling programs began in 2014. The country is estimated to contain 3.2 billion bbl of oil and 18 tcf of gas with potential for vastly greater amounts, thus attracting most of the world’s major players.
Burmese Tycoons Part II
Michael Moe Myint
Myint & Associates Company Limited
Born in Rangoon, Michael Moe Myint served as a pilot in Myanmar Airways (MA) for 13 years. After retiring from MA in 1987, he worked at an Airways Equipment Export Company in California. In 1989, he founded Myint & Associates Group Companies and serves as Managing Director. His business is ranked as of one of the top ten companies that have succeeded in the oil and energy sector.
Currently, his company offers services to international companies in search of oil in Magwe Division as well as providing services to foreign investors in the hotel industry. His company has participated in the Yadana and Yetagun gas projects.
Michael Moe Myint has many international business connections. He served as consultant and local agent for the American-owned Baker Hughes and FMC Group, Japanese-owned Mitsui & Co, Ltd, McDermott International Inc, UK-owned Bredero Price International, and Thai-owned Shinawatra International.
He also serves as Chairman of the Yangon Sailing Boat Club and Secretary of the Myanmar Sailing Boat Association.
Endnote: This profile utilizes the following sources: Living Color magazine, Jane's Intelligence Review, Ya Ne Keh Journal, and interviews.
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